Ababyiruka bahora mu rujijo rwo gusobanukirwa n’ukuri kw’ayo mateka yatumye abahuje inkomoko, umuco, imitekerereze n’imigenzereze batura ugutatu (mu Rwanda, muri Uganda no muri RDC) kandi bari basangiye uburaro n’uburiro.

Ubutaka bungana na Kilometerokare ibihumbi 124.553 bwometswe kuri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, na ho Kilometerokare 17.715 zomekwa ku gihugu cya Uganda.

U Rwanda rwari ku buso bwa Kilometerokare 168.606 mu wa 1910 rwasigaranye kilometerokare 26.338 kuva mu wa 1912.

Bamwe mu baturanyi bagabiwe ubwo butaka bahora babihunza amaso nk’aho batazi iby’icyo kibazo. Abafite inkomoko mu Rwanda bakatiweho izo mbibi zibajugunya iyo, bakibaza impamvu badahabwa uburenganzira bwo gutura mu mutuzo ku butaka bahererekanyije n’abakurambere babo mu myaka amagana n’amagana ishize.

Abakoloni babigizemo uruhare bo bararuca bakarumira ahubwo bakenyegeza umuriro w’amakimbirane akomoka kuri ubwo butaka. U Rwanda rwakwamagana ayo marorerwa akorerwa abo rwibarutse, amahanga agahagurukira rimwe arutwama byo kurucecekesha n’igitugu cyinshi cyiyungikanya n’ibihano uruhuri.

Ni muri ubwo buryo IGIHE yifashishije Umusizi Nsanzabera Jean de Dieu, inzobere ku muco n’amateka by’u Rwanda, kimwe n’ibitabo yanditse birimo: Imizi y’u Rwanda, Intwari z’ Imbanza zubatse u Rwanda rugahamya igitinyiro n’icy’Iyororoka ry’Abanyarwanda, Inkomoko y’imiryango migari, maze adutaturira byimazeyo ukuri kw’ayo mateka ashaririye yo kwamburwa ubutaka k’u Rwanda bugahabwa ibihugu by’abaturanyi. Ahamya mu buryo budasubirwa mu ngeri enye nka gihamya cy’uburyo ubwo butaka bwari ubw’u Rwanda. Ni ko kubiva imuzi abigera imuzingo muri iyi nkuru ikubiyemo byose.

Uburyo bwa mbere: Uko ubwo butaka bwatuwe bugahangwaho ibihugu

Nk’uko byagenze no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi, hagiye habaho iyimukayimuka ry’abavaga mu bindi bihugu bakimuka bashaka ubwinyagamburiro bw’imiryango yabo n’amatungo yabo. Bakadukira amashyamba ya cyimeza abegereye bakayatutira, bakayatsura bakayahangaho gakondo z’ibihugu bituwe nk’umwihariko wabo n’ababakomokaho bakitandukanya na gakondo z’ibihugu by’abakurambere babo.

Uko ni ko n’u Rwanda rwatuwe, rugandagazamo ibihugu 29 (300-1120). Abakurambere b'ikubitiro bibarutse ba nyaguhanga ibihugu muri aka karere ni bo barimo: Rurenge umukurambere nyir'igicumbi cy'imiryango y'Abasinga, Kazigaba umukurambere nyir'igicumbi cy'imiryango y'Abazigaba na Gihanga Ngomijana umukurambere nyir'igicumbi cy'imiryango y'Abanyiginya. Abo bakurambere b'imbanza, ni bo bibarutse ba nyaguharirwa ubuhanike bw'ihangabihugu muri aka karere u Rwanda ruherereyemo.

Ku ikubitiro, Rurenge nk'umukuru mu bakurambere ba nyir'ibicumbi bikuru, ni we wahanze igihugu cya mbere kuri ubu butaka butaraba u Rwanda ahayinga mu mwaka wa 300, acyita u Budaha n'u Bwishaza cyari giherereye mu Karere ka Rutsiro na Karongi. Abana be yabyaye ni bo bigabagabanyije ubutaka bwo mu Rwanda rwo hagati n'urw'iburengerazuba babuhangaho ibihugu bitandukanye.

Jeni rya Rurenge yarazwe igihugu cya se cy'u Budaha n'u Bwishaza, Kibanda cya Rurenge amanuka mu Rwanda rwo hagati ahangamo igihugu cya Nduga ( Kamonyi, Muhamga, Ruhango na Nyanza), Mwongera wa Rurenge yambuka Nyabarongo aza mu Rwanda rw'Iburasirazuba ahangamo igihugu cy'u Bwanacyambwe (Umujyi wa Kigali). Murumuna wa Rurenge witwaga Mungwe ( Muntu Ngwe) we avogera amashyamba y'inzitane yo mu Rwanda rw'Amajyepfo ahangamo igihugu acyita u Bungwe (Gisagara, Huye, Nyaruguru na Nyamagabe y'Iburengerazuba).

Ahasaga mu wa 450, ni bwo umuhungu wa Rurenge w'ubuheta ari we Gihunde cya Rurenge, yabwirijwe na se kwambuka i Kivu akajya guhanga igtihugu hakurya yacyo, acyita u Buhunde ( Mu Ntara ya Kivu y'amajyaruguru muri RDC) aba uwa mbere ukomoka ino uhanze igihugu ku butaka bwo hakurya y'i Kivu.

Ahasaga mu wa 550, ni bwo uruvange bw'abaturage bavuye imihanda yose cyane cyane abavuye muri za Cadi n'abakomotse mu Rwanda biganjemo Abasinga bose babungiraga ibyiza byiganje mu Kiyaga cya Kivu, ni bwo bihuje barema igihugu cy'u Bunyabungo (Mu Ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyepfo muri RDC), kiba igihugu cya kabiri gihanzwe ku butaka bwo hakurya y'i Kivu.

Ibindi bihugu nka: Bacongo, Barunda na Bakuba byahanzwe nyuma y'imyaka isaga 1000 ibindi biriho, kandi n'ubundi bihangwa n'abakomoka muri ibyo bihugu byahanzwe mbere.

Mu gice cy'u Rwanda rw'Iburasirazuba, ni ko Kazigaba yarimo ahanga igihugu cye cy'ikubitiro cy'abamukomokaho. Muri ibyo bihe, ahasaga mu wa 400, ni bwo yahanze igihugu cy'u Rweya rw'u Mubali cyarigiherereye mu Mirenge ya Mwili na Murundi yo mu Karere ka Kayonza ndetse na Rwimbogo yo mu Karere ka Gatsibo. Kiba igihugu cya mbere gihanzwe muri ibyo bice.

Ahasaga mu wa 550, ni bwo Kazigaba yabwirije umuhungu we w'ubuheta Ruhinda kwambuka Akagera akajya guhanga igihugu hakurya yako, acyita Kalagwe. Abamukomokaho, ni na bo bazamutse mu Rwanda rwa ruguru bajya gugangayo igihugu cya Nkore, yahawe icyitiriro cya Nkole y'Abahinda bakura igisekuruza kuri Ruhinda rwa Kazigaba.

Undi wahanze igihugu mu Majyaruguru y'u Rwanda ni Kanyandorwa ya Gihanga wahanze igihugu akacyita Ndorwa (Gicumbi, Nyagatare na Ntungamo muri Uganda), yagihanze ahasaga mu wa 1120.

Abana ba Nyirarucyaba rwa Gihanga, na bo bahawe umurage na Gihanga wo guhanga igihugu mu Majyaruguru y'Iburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, baragihanga bacyita u Bugara. Aho bwari buherereye kugeza ubu, ni mu Karere ka Burera kikarenguka mu Bufumbira mu gihugu cya Uganda.Bagihanze ahasaga mu wa 1120.

Ibi bihugu byavuzwe haruguru, ni byo byabaye ikubitiro ry'ihangwa ry'ibihugu ku butaka kuri ubu bubarirwa ku bihugu by'amahanga. Nyamara ababihanze bose bafite inkomoko ku bakurambere mpangarwanda bakaba basangiye ibisekuruza n'abandi benshi baboneka kuri ibi butaka bw'u Rwanda. Iyi ngeri ya mbere, ni igihamya cya mbere cy'uko ubutaka bubarirwa ku bindi bihugu by'ibituranyi b'u Rwanda, bwari ubw'u Rwanda kuko bwaremweho ibihugu n'abakomoka i Rwanda.

Ingeri ya kabiri: Inkundura y'ihuzabihugu

Hakurikijwe amasezerano y'i Nkotsi na Bikara yo mu wa 1100 yahuje Gihanga Ngomijana umwami w'i Gasabo n'abami b'Abasangwabutaka, ari na yo yemerejwemo ko hagomba kubaho umushinga w'ihuzabihugu 29 byaremwe n'abavandimwe bigahuzwa bikarema igihugu kimwe kigwije ubuhangange, cyubakitse kuruta ubuhugu buto bwariho icyo gihe.

Nyuma yuko abakurambere bemeranyije na Gihanga uwo mushinga w'ihuzabihugu batabarutse, ababazunguye ku ngoma bikuye muri ayo masezearno bashaka gukomeza kwigenga. Icyo gihe ni bwo abaragwa b'ingoma y'i Gasabo banze kubyihanganira kubera ko ari bo barazwe na sekuruza wabo gihanga uwo mushinga ngo bazawushyire mu bikorwa.

Ahasaga mu mwaka wa 1312, ni bwo hatangiye ibitero byo guhuza ibyo bihugu 29 bikaba igihugu kimwe, kuko inzira y'ineza n'umushyikirano yari imaze kunanirana. Ni bwo umwami Bwimba bwa Samukondo wari umuragwa w'igihugu cya Gihanga cy'i Gasabo, yeguye umuheto yanzika urugamba rwamaze imyaka 582, kugira ngo ibyo bihugu 29 bibe igihugu kimwe cyitwa u Rwanda. Iyi ntambara nkundura yanzitse mu wa 1312 ikageza mu wa 1894, ni yo yasize hujujwe igihugu kimwe cyitwa u Rwanda kiri ku buso bwa Kirometerokare 168.608.

Muri iyi ntambara y'ihuzabihugu yasojwe n'u Rwanda, yageze no ku bihugu byose mu bihe bitandukanye. Ibihugu byari bifite ubutaka kuri ubu bubarizwa ku bihugu by'abaturanyi byigaruriwe muri ibyo bihe ni ibi bikurikira:

U Bunyabungo bwigaruriwe na Ruganzu II Ndoli ahasaga mu wa 1510.

Ndorwa yo yigaruriwe na Cyilima Rujugira ahasaga mu wa 1695.

U Buhunde bwigarurirwa na Kigeli Rwabugili ahasaga mu wa 1884 nyuma y'ibitero by'igihe kirekire byo kuhigarurira byatangijwe na Yuhi Gahindiro ahasaga mu wa 1746.

Ku Ijwi higaruriwe na Kigeli Rwabugili mu wa 1884.

Nkore higarurirwa na Kigeli Rwabugili muri Gashyantare 1892.

Iyi ngeri ya kabiri, ni imwe muri za gihamya z’uko ubu butaka bwabaye itsitsuraniro bwari ubw’u Rwanda koko. Muri ibyo bihe, byari umuco, ko ushaka kwagura igihugu cye, atema amashyamba akayaremamo igihugu, yasanga hari abahatuye akabatera akakibambura akacyomeka ku cye. Ubundi kikaguka.

Ingeri ya gatatu: Inyito z’u Rwanda ziboneka muri ibyo bihugu

Hari ubuhanga ntagereranywa Abakurambere mpangarwanda bagiraga, bwo kwimukana inyito z’imisozi y’u Rwanda bakajya kuyita ku butaka bw’ibihugu babaga barigaruriye. Zimwe mu nyito ziboneka ku butaka bwajyanywe muri ibyo bihugu zikomoka mu Rwanda, ni igihamya cy’uko ubwo butaka ari ubw’u Rwanda koko.

Izo nyito zose, ziboneka mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, nta bwo ari Ilingara, Igiswahiri cyangwa se Ikigande.

Muri Kivu ya Ruguru yonyine, hari inyito z’imisozi zisaga 200, zikomoka i Rwanda zirimo: Rutsiro, Kibanda, Mugunga, Muhanga, Kisaro, Buhimba, Kigoma, Rwankuba, Bambiro, Kanyamahoro n’ahandi. Na ho muri Kivu y’Epfo ho uhasaga inyito nk’izo zisaga 150, zirimo: Nduba, Remera, Kibilizi, Nyangezi, Nemba, Birembo, Kinigi, Bugarura, Kinyoni n’ahandi. No mu gihugu cya Uganda, uhasanga inyito nk’izo zifite inkomoko mu Rwanda, ziri mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda.

Ukurikije inyito z’iyi misozi n’ibisobanuro byazo, bihanika neza neza icyubahiro abaturage b’u Rwanda n’u Rwanda, bakwiye guhabwa muri ibyo bihugu by’abakurambere barazwe.

Ingeri ya kane: Abajyanywe muri ibyo bihugu mu mirimo y’agahato

Na nyuma y’uko imbibi z’u Rwanda zishyirwaho, hari Abanyarwanda bagiye muri ibyo bihugu bajyanywe mu mirimo y’agahato y’abo bakoroni.

Nk’abajyanywe gucukura amabuye y’agaciro, guhinga ikawa n’icyayi, gukora imihanda n’ibindi. Bityo na bo bisanga babaye abaturage b’ibyo bihugu nka gakondo yabo barahashakira barahororokera na bugingo n’ubu.

Mu iyimuka ry'abatuye muri Repuburika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo, ntitwakwibagirwa Abanyarwanda b' Abanyabyinshi ( Bakura igisekuruza cyabo kwa Byinshi bya Bamara) n'indi miryango bafitanye isano, bahungiye kuri ubwo butaka ahasaga mu wa 1510 ubwo Ruganzu Ndoli yabashushubikanyaga abaziza kwica se Ndahiro Cyamatare. Kuko bari Inshuti n'Abashi bagengaga u Bunyabungo byatumye nabakurikira bajya guturana na bo. Aho batuye bahise izina bakuye iwabo mu Rwanda. Bahita i Murenge. Ni ho bakuye izina ryo kwitwa:Abanyamurenge. Abaturage batuye ubutaka imyaka isaga 500, nta yindi nkonkobotsi yagakwiye kuhabakura! Nyamara ni muri bamwe bahora bacurwa bufuni na buhoro, babuzwa amahwemo ijoro n'amanywa.

Ishyirwaho ry’imbibi z’u Rwanda

Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1884 kugeza mu ntango zo mu wa 1885, ni bwo i Berlin mu Budage hateranye inama y’ibihugu by’i Burayi, byose byiha afurika biyigabagabana nk’umweda batanyaguje ushaje ngo babikolonize.

Muri ibyo bihe ibihugu byariho muri Afurika bifite ubusugire bwabyo byahawe ubikoloniza n’ibindi birahuzwa birema igihugu kimwe. Uko ni ko u Rwanda, Urundi Rwanda na Tanganyika byagabiwe Abadage, Congo igabirwa Ababiligi bari baranahageze kare, Uganda na Kenya bihabwa Abongereza.

Ubwongereza n’u Bubiligi, ntibwanyuzwe n’ingano y’ubutaka bw’ibihugu bahawe, ni ko gutegura inama y’ikubagahu ngo abo baturanyi bo mu Karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba bashyireho imbibi, ariko banumvikana n’inyongera y’ubutaka ku babyifuzaga. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 1910, i Buruseli mu Bubiligi, ni bwo hateraniye inama ishyiraho imbibi z’u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu ariko intego nyamukuru ari ukugabagabana ubutaka bw’u Rwanda ngo buri wese agabanye akangononwa ku butaka yifuzaga.

Muri ibyo bihe, u Budage bwari inshuti y’u Bubiligi kuko n’ubundi abami b’u Bubiligi bakomoka mu Budage, Ababiligi kandi bakongera bakaba inshuti y’akadasohoka y’u Bwongereza. Ku rundi ruhande u Budage bwo bukazirana urunuka n’u Bwongereza. Ibyo byatumye icyo ibyo bihugu byasabaga u Budage cyose bwakibahaga nta gushidikanya.

Umugambi w’u Budage wo kuza muri aka karere gukoloniza, ntiwari uwo kurunda ubutaka bunini cyane, ahubwo wari uwo gufata ubutaka buto bakabuha iterambere barangiza bakisubirira iwabo. Abanyaburayi, ntibigeze bamenya ko igihugu cy’u Rwanda baje gukoloniza cyari gisanzwe kiriho gifite n’imbibi zacyo, bagifashe nk’ibihugu bya Kenya na Uganda byari ukurundarunda uduhugu twinshi bakarema igihugu kimwe.

Uku kutamaranira kurunda igihugu kinini nk’uko abandi babishakaga, ni ko kwagushije mu mutego Abadage batanga ubutaka bw’u Rwanda babuha Congo na Uganda. Ariko na none bigaturuka ku kwigura kugira ngo u Budage nibuterwa n’Abongereza batacanaga uwaka, u Bubiligi buzabatabare, na ho u Bwongereza bwahawe ubutaka bw’u Rwanda iyo muri Uganda mu rwego rwo kwigura kugira ngo u Bwongereza butuze butazatera u Budage. Nubwo byabaye iby’ubusa u Bwongereza bugashuka u Bubiligi bukabuha n’ibikoresho bugatera u Budage mu ntambara ya mbere y’Isi yose. Yasize u Budage butsinzwe mu bihugu bwakolonije.

Byageze n’aho u Bwongereza bushaka n’igihugu cya Tanganyika. Iyo munyangire ivanze n’amatiku y’igihe kirekire, ni yo yagendeweho ku meza y’ibiganiro byo kugabagabana u Rwanda. Ni uko barema impamvu zidafite ishingiro z’uko bashyizeho izo mbibi z’u Rwanda bitwaje imbibi karemano, zirimo: Ibirunga n’Ikiyaga cya Kivu.

Amasezerano yemejwe burundu ku wa 14 Gicurasi 1910, imbibi zitangira gushyirwaho aho zarangiye mu wa 1912. Ng'uko uko u Rwanda barwambuye Kilometerokare 124.553 babyomeka kuri Congo, na ho Kirometerokare 17.715 bazomeka ku gihugu cya Uganda. Abaturage b’Abanyarwanda bari batuye kuri ubwo butaka, bisanga bari mu bihugu butari ibyabo. Iyo iba impamvu ya mbere yagejeje Abanyarwanda ku bwenegihugu bwa Uganda na Congo.

Uko byagombye kumera

Nyuma y’aho ibihugu bya Afurika biboneye ubwigenge abakoloni bagasubira iwabo, umuryango w’Abibumbye waciye iteka ribuza igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose gushaka kwigarurira ubutaka cyaba cyarambuwe n’abakoroni bakacyomeka ku kindi. Bishaka kuvuga ko n’intambara z’iyagurabihugu zari zisanzwe zibaho zihagaritswe burundu.

No mu mahame ashyiraho Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe mu wa 1963, ibihugu bya Afurika byose byemeranyijwe ko bizagumana imipaka abakoloni bashyizeho mu rwego rwo kwirinda imvururu zishingiye ku mipaka. Ibihugu byose bibwirizwa gutanga ubwenegihugu ku baturage b’ibindi bihugu bakatiweho iyo mipaka.

Ibyo byaterwaga n’uko hafi ibihugu byose byari byagiye bihabwa imipaka itandukanye n’iyo byahoranye, ku buryo kongera kuyivugurura byari guteza ibibazo birenze ibyari bihari. Icyakorwa ari umubano mwiza n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi, by’umwihariko Abanyarwanda bakishimira ko hari bagenzi babo bo mu bindi bihugu bavuga ururimi rumwe bafite n’imico imwe.

Gupfa kugabana Afurika ntacyo bitayeho, kwatumye Afurika yisanga mu makimbirane adashira ashingiye ku bwoko, kurebana ay’ingwe kw’ibihugu bipfa imipaka n’ibindi.

Nyamara kugeza na n’ubu ubwo aya mateka yandikwaga, intambara zo kudahuza inkomoko kw’abaturage batuye muri ibyo bihugu bakatiweho imipaka n’abo basanze muri ibyobihugu, zihora ziyungikanya ubutitsa, kubera ko badahabwa uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’abandi.

Ihohoterwa n’ivangura ribakorerwa bikisukiranya ijoro n’amanywa. No mu karere u Rwanda ruherereyemo, icyo cyorezo kizengereje benshi, aho abaturage bavuga ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, bazengerejwe bya cyane kugeza n’aho bapfa umusubizo, hakiyongeraho n’Abatutsi babaye ingorwa kuva mu ntango y’Ikinyejana cya 20 muri aka karere u Rwanda ruherereyemo.

Ibyo bikunze kugaragara cyane cyane mu gihugu cya Repuburika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.

Uko byakagombye kumera, ni uko abo baturage batisanze kuri ubwo butaka ku bushake bwabo, bakwiye guhabwa ituze n’umudendezo bakabaho kimwe n’abandi benegihugu. Bagahabwa ibyangombwa byose buri muturage akenera ngo abeho. Biti ihi se! niba abo biyita abenigihugu kuruta abandi batabashaka mu gihugu cyabo, nibabirukanane n’ubutaka bwabo nka gakondo bagabiwe n’abakurambere bakuraho inkomoko. Ubundi bigarukire muri gakondo yabo y’u Rwanda rutemba amata n’ubuki.